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scotus_bios[i-1].body = "The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court in the nation, with authority over all other U.S. courts. Established by Article III of the Constitution of the United States, the court is made up of eight associated justices and one chief justice — all appointed to life terms by the president, with the consent of the Senate. Once appointed, they can only be removed by resignation, impeachment or death. Washington, In this March 2006 photo, the justices of pose for their annual class photo. Front from left are Anthony Kennedy, John Paul Stevens, Chief Justice John Roberts, Antonin Scalia and David Souter. Top from left are Stephen Breyer, Clarence Thomas, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, and Samuel Alito.";
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scotus_bios[i-1].body = "Birth, residence and family Education
Attended public elementary and high schools (Lowell High School) in San Francisco; Stanford University, A.B. 1959, with great distinction; Oxford University, Magdalen College, Marshall Scholar, B.A., 1st Class Honors, 1961; Harvard Law School, LL.B., magna cum laude, 1964, Harvard Law Review, articles editor.
Law clerkship
Clerk to the Honorable Arthur J. Goldberg, associate justice, Supreme Court of the United States, 1964-1965.
Law teaching
Harvard University; assistant professor, 1967-1970; professor of law, 1970-1980; professor, Kennedy School of Government, 1977-1980; lecturer, 1980-present. Visiting professor, College of Law, Sydney, Australia, 1975; University of Rome, 1993.
Judicial offices
Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, Dec. 10, 1980 (nominated by President Carter); chief judge, 1990-1994; associate justice, Supreme Court of the United States, Aug. 3, 1994 (nominated by President Clinton); member, Judicial Conference of the United States, 1990-1994; member, U.S. Sentencing Commission, 1985-1989.
Government service
Special assistant to the assistant attorney general (antitrust), Department of Justice, 1965-1967; assistant special prosecutor, Watergate Special Prosecution Force, 1973; special counsel, U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Administrative Practices, 1974-1975; chief counsel, U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, 1979-1980.
Published works
\"Breaking the Vicious Circle: Toward Effective Risk Regulation\" (Harvard University Press (1993), \"Regulation and Its Reform\" (Harvard University Press (1982), \"Administrative Law and Regulatory Policy\" (Little Brown 3rd ed. 1992) (with Richard Stewart); \"The Federal Power Commission and the Regulation of Energy\" (with Paul MacAvoy) (Brookings 1974). Has contributed numerous articles to legal journals primarily on the subjects of administrative law and economic regulation.
Civic and professional activities
Trustee, University of Massachusetts (1974-1981); trustee, Dana Farber Cancer Institute (1977-); Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences; American Law Institute, American Bar Association.
Recreation
Bicycling, jogging, cooking and reading.";
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scotus_bios[i-1].body = "Birth, residence and family
Ruth Bader Ginsburg was born March 15, 1933, in Brooklyn, N.Y., the daughter of Nathan Bader and Celia Amster Bader. In 1954, she married Martin D. Ginsburg, now a professor of tax law at Georgetown University Law Center. They have two children: Jane C. Ginsburg, a professor at Columbia Law School, and James S. Ginsburg, a producer of classical recordings.
Education
Elementary and high schools: P.S. 238 and James Madison High School, Brooklyn, N.Y. College: Cornell University, Phi Beta Kappa, Phi Kappa Phi, B.A. 1954, with high honors in government and distinction in all subjects, College of Arts and Sciences class marshal. Law schools: attended Harvard Law School (1956-58), Harvard Law Review; Columbia Law School, LL.B. (J.D.) 1959, Columbia Law Review, Kent Scholar.
Judicial offices
Nominated by President Carter to U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit; took oath of office June 30, 1980. Nominated by President Clinton as associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States; took oath of office Aug. 10, 1993.
Law clerkship
Clerk to the Honorable Edmund L. Palmieri, U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York (1959-61).
Law teaching
Columbia Law School Project on International Procedure, research associate (1961-62), associate director (1962-63); Rutgers University School of Law, professor (1963-72); Columbia Law School, professor (1972-80); Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (Stanford, Calif.), fellow (1977-78). Faculties visited: New York University School of Law (spring 1968), Harvard Law School (fall 1971), University of Amsterdam (summer 1975), University of Strasbourg (summer 1975), Salzburg Seminar in American Studies (summer 1984), Aspen Institute (summer 1990).
Law practice and professional activities
Admitted to New York Bar in 1959 and District of Columbia Bar in 1975. American Civil Liberties Union: Women's Rights Project, founder and counsel (1972-80); general counsel (1973-80); national board of directors (1974-80). Other affiliations include: American Bar Foundation Board of Directors, Executive Committee, and secretary (1979-89), American Bar Association Journal Board of Editors (1972-78); ABA Section of Individual Rights and Responsibilities, council member (1975-81); American Law Institute, council member (1978-1993); American Academy of Arts and Sciences, fellow (1982-); Council on Foreign Relations (1975-).
Legal writing
Books authored include: \"Civil Procedure in Sweden\" (1965) (with Anders Bruzelius); \"Text, Cases, and Materials on Sex-Based Discrimination\" (1974) (with Herma Hill Kay and Kenneth M. Davidson). Has contributed numerous articles to law reviews and other periodicals on civil procedure, conflict of laws, constitutional law and comparative law.";
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scotus_bios[i-1].body = "Birth, residence and family
Born July 23, 1936, in Sacramento, Calif. Married Mary Davis, June 29, 1963; Children: Justin Anthony, Gregory Davis and Kristin Marie.
Education
Stanford University, 1954-57; London School of Economics, 1957-58; Stanford University, B.A., 1958; Harvard Law School, LL.B., 1961.
Judicial offices
Nominated by President Ford to U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit; took oath of office May 30, 1975; Nominated by President Reagan as associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court; took oath of office Feb. 18, 1988.
Law practice
Admitted to California bar, 1962; U.S. Tax Court bar, 1971; associate, Thelen, Marrin, John & Bridges, San Francisco, 1961-63; sole practitioner, Sacramento, 1963-67; partner, Evans, Jackson & Kennedy, Sacramento, 1967-75.
Law teaching
Professor of constitutional law, McGeorge School of Law, University of the Pacific, 1965-1988.
Other offices
California Army National Guard, 1961; member, the Judicial Conference of the United States Advisory Panel on Financial Disclosure Reports and Judicial Activities, subsequently renamed the Advisory Committee on Codes of Conduct, 1979-87; the Committee on Pacific Territories, 1979-1988, named chairman 1982; board of the Federal Judicial Center, 1987-1988; American Bar Association, Sacramento County Bar Association, State Bar of California, Phi Beta Kappa; board of student advisers. Harvard faculty, 1960-61.";
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scotus_bios[i-1].body = "Birth and life
Born in April 1, 1950, in Trenton, N.J.. to Italian American parents. His father was a high school teacher who later became Director of the New Jersey Office of Legislative Services. His mother was a school teacher. His sister, Rosemary, is and employment lawyer in New Jersey. In 1985, Alito married Martha-Ann Bomgardner, with whom he has two children.
Education
Received bachelor’s degree from Princeton University and attended Yale Law School, where he served as an editor on the Yale Law Journal.
Law clerkship
Clerked for Judge Leonard Garth of the Third Circuit.
Government service
From 1977-1980, Alito served as an Assistant U.S. Attorney in the appellate division, where he argued cases before the circuit court to which he was later appointed. From 1981-1985, Alito served as Assistant to the Solicitor General. He argued 12 cases on behalf of the federal government in the U.S. Supreme Court. From 1985-1987, Alito served in the Office of Legal Counsel as Deputy Assistant Attorney General where he provided constitutional advice for the Executive Branch. From 1987-1989, Alito served as U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey. From 1990 to 2006 Alito served on the Third Circuit Appeals Court. He was nominated by President Bush to become an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court on Oct. 31, 2005. On Jan. 31, 2006 the Senate confirmed Alito by a 58 to 42 vote.
Professional, civic and church affairs
Participated in various professional associations including the New Jersey Federal Bar Association (member of advisory board); the New Jersey State Bar Association; the American Bar Association; and the Federalist Society. ";
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scotus_bios[i-1].body = "Birth and life
Born Jan. 27, 1955 in Buffalo, N.Y. While an elementary school student the family moved to Long Beach, Ind. Roberts married Jane Marie Sullivan in 1996, and lives in a suburb of Washington. Jane Roberts was a lawyer with the Washington firm of Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP. In May of 2007, she became the head of the in-house practice group at the legal search firm Major, Lindsey and Africa. Roberts and his wife adopted two children in 2000, Josephine (\"Josie\") and Jack.
Education
Attended a Catholic boarding high school, graduating in 1973. Attended Harvard College, graduating summa cum laude in 1976. Received his law degree, magna cum laude, in 1979 from Harvard Law School, where he was managing editor of the Harvard Law Review.
Law clerkship
Clerked for Judge Henry J. Friendly of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. In 1980-81 clerked for then-Associate Justice William H. Rehnquist.
Government service
Served as Special Assistant to United States Attorney General William French Smith in the Reagan Administration. Appointed in 1982 to the White House Staff as Associate Counsel to the President. Entered private practice in 1986, returning to government in between 1989 and 1993, when he served as Principal Deputy Solicitor General of the United States. On July 19, 2005, President Bush nominated Roberts to fill the Supreme Court seat left when Justice Sandra Day O'Connor announced her retirement. Following the Sept. 3 death of William H. Rehnquist, the president withdrew Roberts' nomination for the O'Connor's seat, and on Sept. 6, sent nominated him for the chief justice position.
Law practice
In 1986 joined the Washington law firm of Hogan & Hartson, where he developed a civil litigation practice. He left the firm 1989 to serve as Principal Deputy Solicitor General of the United States, and returned in 1993.
Professional, civic and church affairs
Member of the American Law Institute and the American Academy of Appellate Lawyers. Received the Edmund J. Randolph Award for outstanding service to the Department of Justice. Member of the Bars of the District of Columbia, the United States Supreme Court, and various federal courts of appeals. Roberts and his wife are Roman Catholics.";
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scotus_bios[i-1].body = "Birth, residence and family
Born March 11, 1936, in Trenton, N.J. Married Maureen McCarthy on Sept. 10, 1960. Children: Ann Forrest, Eugene, John Francis, Catherine Elisabeth, Mary Clare, Paul David, Matthew, Christopher James and Margaret Jane.
Education
Georgetown University and University of Fribourg (Switzerland), A.B., 1957; Harvard, LL.B., 1960; note editor, Harvard Law Review; Sheldon fellow, Harvard University, 1960-61.
Judicial offices
Nominated by President Reagan to U. S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit; took oath of office Aug. 17, 1982; Nominated by President Reagan as associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court; took oath of office Sept. 26, 1986.
Government service
General counsel, Office of Telecommunications Policy, Executive Office of the President, 1971-72; chairman, Administrative Conference of the United States, 1972-74; assistant attorney general, Office of Legal Counsel, U.S. Department of Justice, 1974-77.
Law teaching
Professor of law, University of Virginia, 1967-74 (on leave 1971-74); scholar in residence, American Enterprise Institute, 1977; visiting professor of law, Georgetown University, 1977; professor of law, University of Chicago, 1977-82; visiting professor of law, Stanford University, 1980-81.
Law practice
Admitted to the Ohio bar, 1962, Virginia bar, 1970; in private practice with Jones, Day, Cockley and Reavis, Cleveland, Ohio, 1961-67.
Other practices
Editor, Regulation Magazine, 1979-82; chairman, ABA Section of Administrative Law, 1981-82; chairman, ABA Conference of Section Chairmen, 1982-83; board of visitors, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, 1978-81.";
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scotus_bios[i-1].body = "Birth, residence and family
Born Sept. 17, 1939, in Melrose, Mass., son of Joseph Alexander and Helen Adams Hackett Souter.
Education
Harvard College, A.B. 1961, Phi Beta Kappa, selected Rhodes Scholar; Magdalen College, Oxford, 1963, A.B. in jurisprudence 1989, M.A. 1989; Harvard Law School, LL.B. 1966.
Judicial offices
Associate justice, New Hampshire Superior Court, 1978-1983; associate justice, New Hampshire Supreme Court, 1983-1990; judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, 1990; associate justice, Supreme Court of the United States, 1990.
Legal positions
Associate, Orr and Reno, Concord, N.H., 1966-1968; assistant attorney general of New Hampshire, 1968-1971; deputy attorney general of New Hampshire, 1971-1976; attorney general of New Hampshire, 1976-1978.
Other assignments
Maine-New Hampshire Interstate Boundary Commission, 1971-1975; New Hampshire Police Standards and Training Council, 1976-1978; New Hampshire Governor's Commission on Crime and Delinquency, 1976-1978, 1979-1983; New Hampshire Judicial Council, 1976-1978.
Civic activities
Trustee, Concord Hospital, Concord, N.H., 1972-1985, president 1978-1984; trustee, New Hampshire Historical Society, 1976-1985; vice president, 1970-1985, overseer, Dartmouth Medical School, 1981-1987.
Affiliations with professional organizations and academic institutions
Merrimack County Bar Association; New Hampshire Bar Association; honorary fellow, American Bar Foundation; honorary fellow, American College of Trial Lawyers; honorary master of the bench, Gray's Inn, London; honorary fellow, Magdalen College, Oxford; associate, Lowell House, Harvard College; member, American Philosophical Society; honorary member, New England Historic Genealogical Society.";
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scotus_bios[i-1].body = "Birth, residence and family
Born April 20, 1920, in Chicago, Ill., son of Ernest James and Elizabeth Street. Married Elizabeth Jane Sheeren in June 1942; married Maryan Mulholland Simon in December 1979. Children: John Joseph, and three daughters, Kathryn Stevens Jedlicka, Elizabeth Jane and Susan Roberta.
Education
Elementary and preparatory schools: University of Chicago Laboratory School. College: University of Chicago, A.B. degree, English literature, 1941; Phi Beta Kappa; Psi Upsilon. Law school: Northwestern University Juris Doctor, magna cum laude, 1947; co-editor Illinois Law Review; Order of the Coif; Phi Delta Phi.
Law clerkship
Clerk to Wiley Rutledge, associate justice, Supreme Court of the United States, October 1947-July 1948.
Law practice
Admitted to Illinois bar, 1949. Associate, Poppenhusen, Johnston, Thompson and Raymond, Chicago, 1950-1952; partner, Rothschild, Stevens, Barry and Myers, Chicago, 1952-1970.
Law teaching
Lecturer, antitrust law, Northwestern University School of Law 1950-1954; University of Chicago Law School, 1955-1958.
Judicial offices
Nominated by President Nixon to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, succeeding Elmer J. Schnackenberg, confirmed by the U.S. Senate on Oct. 14, 1970, and took oath of office Nov. 2, 1970.
Nominated by President Ford as associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court on Dec. 1, 1975; confirmed by the U.S. Senate on Dec. 17, 1975; and took oath of office Dec. 19, 1975.
Other assignments
Associate counsel, Subcommittee on The Study of Monopoly Power Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. House of Representatives, 1951-1952.
Member of the Attorney General's National Committee to Study the Antitrust Laws, 1953-1955.
Chief counsel to the special commission appointed by the Illinois Supreme Court to investigate integrity of the judgment of People v. Isaacs, 1969.
Member of faculty, Salzburg Seminar In American Studies, July 1978; Appellate Judges Seminar, New York University School of Law, July 1979.
Military service
U.S. Navy, 1942-1945, Bronze Star.
Bar association memberships
Illinois Bar Association; Chicago Bar Association (second vice president when appointed to bench; served as chairman of the Antitrust Law Committee, the Committee on Judicial Candidates and the Committee on the Judiciary; and also as a member of the Board of Managers); Federal Bar Association: American Law Institute, American Judicature Society.
Legal writings
\"Mr. Justice Rutledge,\" chapter in book \"Mr. Justice\" edited by Dunham and Kurland;
\"Monopoly or Monopolization: A Reply to Professor Rostow\" (with Edward R. Johnston), 44 Ill. L. Rev. 269;
\"Defense of Meeting the Lower Price of a Competitor,\" 1953 Summer Institute on Federal Antitrust Laws, University of Michigan Law School;
\"Tying Arrangements,\" Conference on the Antitrust Laws and the Attorney General's Committee Report, p. 135;
\"The Regulation of Railroads,\" Vol. 19, p. 355, Proceedings of A.B.A. Section of Antitrust Law;
\"Effect on Competition Under the Robinson Patman Act,\" Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Corporate Counsel Institute, p. 31;
Contributor to \"Antitrust Developments: 1955-1968,\" a supplement to \"Report of the Attorney General's National Committee to Study the Antitrust Laws\";
\"Cost Justification,\" Antitrust Bulletin, Vol. 8, No. 3, p. 413 (1963);
\"The Office of an Office,\" The Chi. B. Rec. (May-June issue 1974);
\"Some Thoughts and Reflections on the Litigation Explosion and How it Has Affected the Court's Ability to Cope With the Problem,\" 65 Ill. B. J. 508 (1977);
\"Some Thoughts About a General Rule,\" 21 Ariz. L. Rev. 599 (1980);
\"Some Thoughts on Judicial Restraint,\" 66 Judicature 177 (1982);
The James Madison 1982 Lecture: \"The Life Span of a Judge-Made Rule,\" N.Y.U. L. Rev. (1983)
Recreation
Flying, tennis, bridge, reading and travel.";
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scotus_bios[i-1].body = "Birth, residence and family
Born June 28, 1948, in the Pinpoint community near Savannah, Ga. Married Virginia Lamp, May 30, 1987. Child: Jamal Adeen.
Education
Conception Seminary, 1967-1968: Holy Cross College, A.B. cum laude. Alpha Sigma Nu, Purple Key. Yale Law School, J.D., 1974.
Judicial offices
Nominated by President George H.W. Bush to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit: took oath of office March 12, 1990. Nominated by President Bush as associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court; took oath of office Oct. 23, 1991.
Government service
Assistant attorney general of Missouri, 1974-1977; legislative assistant to Sen. John C. Danforth of Missouri, 1979-1981; assistant secretary for civil rights, U.S. Department of Education, 1981-1982; chairman, U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 1982-1990.
Law practice
Admitted to Missouri bar, 1974. Attorney, Monsanto Co., 1977-1979.";
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